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<title>C'est quoi Linux ? - Les incroyables notes de devops</title>
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🐧 Linux
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C'est quoi Linux ?
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C'est quoi Linux ?
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La philosophie derrière Linux
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L'anatomie d'un système Linux (GNU/Linux)
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Les Distributions (Distros)
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Où utilise-t-on Linux ?
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Arborescence type sur UNIX
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📚 Bases du Bash
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="3" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_1_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_1_3">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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📚 Bases du Bash
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../bash/2025-11-27/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Commandes *sh pour les idiots
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../bash/2025-11-28/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Commandes *sh avancées
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../2026-02-25/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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SSH et Configuration propre
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2_2" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2_2" id="__nav_2_2_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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🔌 DevOps
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_2_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_2">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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🔌 DevOps
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../../devops/2026-03-04/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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C'est quoi DevOps ?
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../../devops/2025-11-28/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Automatisation via les associations
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../../devops/2025-12-12/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Git pour les neuilles
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../../../devops/2026-01-22/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
SQL pour les tung tung tung sahur
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../devops/2026-03-18/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
|
Automatiser avec Ansible
|
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
|
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2_3" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2_3" id="__nav_2_3_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
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☕ Javascript
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|
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</span>
|
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|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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|
|
☕ Javascript
|
|
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|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../javascript/2026-01-30/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
|
Javascript (30/01/26)
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</span>
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../javascript/2026-02-06/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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|
|
Asynchrone et promesses (06/02/26)
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../javascript/2026-02-09/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
|
fetch des APIs et serveur HTTP (09/02/26)
|
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|
|
</span>
|
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|
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
|
|
</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2_4" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2_4" id="__nav_2_4_label" tabindex="0">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
|
🐍 Python
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_4_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_4">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
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|
|
🐍 Python
|
|
|
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../python/2026-01-16/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
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|
|
pip et environnements virtuels
|
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|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../python/2026-02-16/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Django en gros
|
|
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|
|
</span>
|
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|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_2_5" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_2_5" id="__nav_2_5_label" tabindex="0">
|
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|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
|
|
|
🎨 Frontend
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_2_5_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_2_5">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
🎨 Frontend
|
|
|
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../frontend/2026-02-21/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cheat Sheet Tailwind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
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|
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|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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</ul>
|
|
</nav>
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</li>
|
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</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
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</li>
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|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
|
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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|
|
Projets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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|
|
Projets
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|
|
</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3_1" >
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|
<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3_1" id="__nav_3_1_label" tabindex="0">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stage
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
</label>
|
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|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="2" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_1_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3_1">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stage
|
|
|
|
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../../projects/stage/2026-03-03/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Étape 1 - Planification et installation Hardware
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
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|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../../projects/stage/2026-03-09/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Étape 2 : Configuration de l'Infrastructure Serveur
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
|
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|
</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../../projects/2025-12-05/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alternavive GLSI léger : Grabber
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
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|
|
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|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../../../../projects/2026-01-23/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Docs et notes avec Zensical
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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Faire un portfolio en JS moderne
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La philosophie derrière Linux
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L'anatomie d'un système Linux (GNU/Linux)
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Les Distributions (Distros)
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Où utilise-t-on Linux ?
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<h1 id="cest-quoi-linux">C'est quoi Linux ?</h1>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Selon Wikipédia...</p>
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<p>Linux (parfois nommé GNU/Linux) est un système d'exploitation open source de type Unix, basé sur le noyau Linux créé en 1991 par Linus Torvalds. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux">(source)</a></p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="la-philosophie-derriere-linux">La philosophie derrière Linux</h2>
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<p>Contrairement à Windows ou macOS qui sont des systèmes fermés, Linux se différencie par son architecture totalement ouverte (Open Source).</p>
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<p>C'est un système d'exploitation (OS) conçu pour donner une liberté totale et qui en fait sa force avec :</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>La bidouille</strong> : On a le contrôle total sur la machine. On peut tout modifier, comprendre comment ça fonctionne en profondeur et adapter l'OS aux besoins.</li>
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<li><strong>La transparence</strong> : Aucun logiciels pré-installés (bloatwares), d'outils de pistage ou encore de politiques IA désastreuses.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="lanatomie-dun-systeme-linux-gnulinux">L'anatomie d'un système Linux (GNU/Linux)</h2>
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<p>Souvent, quand on dit "J'installe Linux", c'est un abus de langage. En réalité, un système d'exploitation basé sur Linux est composé de plusieurs couches :</p>
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<p>-> <strong>Le Noyau (GNU/Linux)</strong> : C'est le cœur de la machine, il fait le pont entre les composants "Hardware" (CPU, RAM) et le logiciel "Software".</p>
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<p>-> <strong>L'environnement de base et les Paquets (Packages)</strong> : Le noyau seul ne suffit pas. Pour interagir avec lui, on y ajoute des couches comme les outils de base (bash, ls, cd (ce sont des mini programmes à eux seuls !)), également les logiciels sous forme de packages (une sorte d'archive) et les gestionnaires de tout ce beau monde (Gestionnaire de Paquets comme APT chez debian ou DNF chez Red Hat)</p>
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<p>-> <strong>L'Interface Graphique (Desktop Environment, DE)</strong> : Contrairement à Windows qui impose son design, sur Linux on peut choisir son interface visuelle. Que ce soit <strong>Gnome</strong> (très épuré, style macOS), <strong>KDE</strong> (très personnalisable, style Windows), ou <strong>Cinnamon</strong>, l'interface n'est qu'une couche graphique que l'on rajoute par-dessus.</p>
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<div class="admonition info">
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<p class="admonition-title">Info</p>
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<p>Il n'est pas forcément obligatoire d'avoir une Interface Graphique (GUI), Linux en dehors d'un usage d'utilisateur classique, fonctionne sous forme de terminal tout simplement (CLI). On retrouve cet usage sur quasiment tous les serveurs du monde !</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="les-distributions-distros">Les Distributions (Distros)</h2>
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<p>Une "Distribution" (ou Distro), c'est simplement un pack prêt à l'emploi qui regroupe un noyau, une sélection de paquets logiciels et une interface graphique.</p>
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<p>Il en existe <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#/media/Fichier:Linux_Distribution_Timeline.svg">des milliers de distros</a>, mais elles se divisent globalement en 3 grandes familles :</p>
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<p><strong>1. La famille Debian (La Stabilité)</strong></p>
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<p>C'est le bloc dur de Linux. Les paquets ne sont pas toujours à la dernière version, mais le système est extrêmement stable et fiable.</p>
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<p><em>Les distros connues basées dessus : Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Pop OS. (Idéal pour les débutants).</em></p>
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<p><strong>2. La famille Arch Linux (La Liberté et la Nouveauté)</strong></p>
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<p>Le système est toujours à la pointe de la dernière nouveauté grace au systeme du "Rolling Releases (mise à jour en continu)", mais c'est beaucoup plus compliqué à gérer et ça peut "casser" si on ne sait pas ce qu'on fait.</p>
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<p><em>Les distros connues basées dessus : Arch Linux, Manjaro, Steam OS (l'OS du Steam Deck).</em></p>
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<p><strong>3. La famille Red Hat (L'Entre-deux)</strong></p>
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<p>Un excellent compromis entre une grande stabilité pour les serveurs et des paquets relativement récents pour les utilisateurs.</p>
|
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<p><em>Les distros connues basées dessus : Fedora, CentOS, Alma Linux.</em></p>
|
|
<h2 id="ou-utilise-t-on-linux">Où utilise-t-on Linux ?</h2>
|
|
<p>-> Les Serveurs : L'immense majorité du web et des infrastructures cloud (AWS, serveurs web, bases de données) tourne sous Linux.</p>
|
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<p>-> Les Smartphones : Android est basé sur le noyau Linux</p>
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<p>-> L'embarqué et les Supercalculateurs : Les box internet, les TV connectées, les voitures...</p>
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